Diabetes develops when the body loses the ability to properly regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. There are two key mechanisms behind the development of diabetes:
1. Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells (type 1 diabetes)
– The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
– This leaves the body unable to produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar
– The trigger is unknown but genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role
2. Insulin resistance and gradual insulin deficiency (type 2 diabetes)
– Body’s cells become resistant to insulin, failing to respond to normal levels
– Pancreas initially compensates by overproducing more insulin
– Over time, the beta cells tire out and can’t secrete enough insulin to overcome resistance
– Causes blood sugar levels to rise unchecked without enough insulin to facilitate glucose uptake
In both major forms, the end result is hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) stemming from problems with insulin production, cell sensitivity, or a combination. Genetic disposition combines with largely preventable lifestyle factors and environmental exposures to drive most cases of diabetes worldwide. Family history can increase risk but is not destiny with healthy habits.